Reverse and Forward Engineering of Local Voltage Control in Distribution Networks

The increasing penetration of renewable and distributed energy resources in distribution networks calls for real-time and distributed voltage control. In this paper we investigate local Volt/VAR control with a general class of control functions, and show that the power system dynamics with non-incremental local voltage control can be seen as distributed algorithm for solving a well-defined optimization problem (reverse engineering). The reverse engineering further reveals a fundamental limitation of the non-incremental voltage control: the convergence condition is restrictive and prevents better voltage regulation at equilibrium. This motivates us to design two incremental local voltage control schemes based on the subgradient and pseudo-gradient algorithms respectively for solving the same optimization problem (forward engineering). The new control schemes decouple the dynamical property from the equilibrium property, and have much less restrictive convergence conditions. This work presents another step towards developing a new foundation -- network dynamics as optimization algorithms -- for distributed realtime control and optimization of future power networks

Effect of LASSBio-1586 (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, i.p.) on leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity induced by carrageenan in mice.

<p>Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6, per group), where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

Effect of LASSBio-1586 (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.), morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and indomethacin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) in the acetic-acid-writhing-induced nociception test in mice (n = 6, per group).

<p>Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM, where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

2D comparative representation of the NSAID meloxicam and LASSBio-1586.

<p>2D comparative representation of the NSAID meloxicam and LASSBio-1586.</p

Effect of LASSBio-1586 (40 mg/kg, p.o.) on paw edema induced by histamine in mice.

<p>The sham group was treated only with saline, whereas the control group received saline and histamine. Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6, per group), where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

Effect of LASSBio-1586 (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and indomethacin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) on cotton pellet-induced granuloma.

<p>Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6, per group), where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

Results of the docking procedures for LASSBio-1586.

<p><b>(A)</b> Conformations obtained from the most populous and stable cluster in the binding site of COX-2; <b>(B)</b> most stable docked conformation for LASSBio-1586 (Binding Energy = −7.84 Kcal/mol); <b>(C)</b> native conformation of meloxicam (magenta) and most stable conformation for LASSBio-1586 (cyan).</p

LASSBio-1586, an <i>N</i>-acylhydrazone derivative, attenuates nociceptive behavior and the inflammatory response in mice - Fig 3

<p><b>Effect of LASSBio-1586 (40 mg/kg, p.o.), LASSBio-1586 (40 mg/kg, p.o.) + ondansetron (OND 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and LASSBio-1586 (40 mg/kg, p.o.) + L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in the first (A) and second (B) phases of the formalin-induced nociception test in mice (n = 6, per group).</b> Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M., where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

Comparative <i>in silico</i> physico-chemical properties and ADMET profile of LASSBio-1586 and the anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and meloxicam.

<p>Comparative <i>in silico</i> physico-chemical properties and ADMET profile of LASSBio-1586 and the anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and meloxicam.</p

Effect of LASSBio-1586 (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, i.p.) on leukocyte migration into subcutaneous air pouches induced by carrageenan in mice.

<p>Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M (n = 6, per group), where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p